Condensation definition chemistry can be defined as the opposite of vaporization. It is the transition from a gaseous state to a liquid state. The water cycle is the most common use of the term.
Definition of Condensation
Summer has here, and the sun is beaming. You’ve spent the last hour assisting your parents with yard chores, and you’re sweating! After finishing your job, you return to your house to cool yourself in the air conditioning and take a glass of water. You decide to take a fast shower because you’re heading to the movies later. You take a quick look in the mirror before entering, realizing your face is somewhat sunburned.
Following your shower, you check to see if your sunburn has become any worse. However, hold on! You neglected to switch on the fan, and the mirror is now fogged in. You wipe a piece of the mirror with your palm and observe little droplets of water on it. Where did the fog and water beads originate?
Condensation is the transformation of water vapor in the air into liquid water. In other words, the water vapor in the air from your hot shower cooled as it came into contact with the cold mirror’s surface. This resulted in the condensing of the water vapor, or its transformation into its liquid state. You detect it as condensation or droplets of water and fog on the mirror.
Summary
Condensation may also be thought of as the inverse of evaporation, or the process by which a liquid turns into a gas. This occurs when a kettle of water is brought to a boil on the stove. Steam, another type of water vapor, and bubbles seen in a boiling pot of water indicate that the liquid has been converted to gas.
Condensation Process
Water, like every other substance, is made up of molecules. When molecules are in the form of vapour, they are energetic, fast-moving, and widely apart. As a result, when this vapor comes into contact with lower temperatures, they become the polar opposite. That is, they slow down, become less energised, and drift closer. Following that, when the vapour reaches a certain energy level, it transforms into a liquid.
Anyone may show the condensation process by a simple experiment. You’ll need a cup and some water. Fill a cup almost to the brim with boiling water. Take another cup, invert it, and place it on top of the cup with boiling water. Then, on top of the upside-down cup, place one ice cube.
As with a cloud, condensation will begin to develop at the top of the upside-down cup. As a result, you may conduct this experiment at home with your children to help them better comprehend this phenomena.
Condensation Examples
Condensation occurs on a big and small scale. It is a common occurrence that occurs directly in front of our eyes. Consider that you are surrounded by this occurrence. The following are some frequent instances of this happening.
| Example | Description |
|---|---|
| Morning Dew | This occurs when the moisture in the air condenses on the grasses, resulting in nocturnal cooling. |
| Droplets on can or bottle | Your container or bottle’s cool surface encourages moisture in the warm air to condense on its surface. |
| Foggy windshield | Moisture is present in the air of your automobile. Additionally, the breath and bodies of the car’s occupants contribute to it. When there is sufficient moisture and the windshield is sufficiently chilly, the moisture condenses as droplets on the windshield. |
| Foggy breath | Cold temperature causes the internal fluid in your body to condense into big droplets. Additionally, it is a perfect example of condensation occurring in the absence of a surface to collect droplets on. |
| Foggy mirror | As already described. After a hot shower, your mirror fogs up. This occurs as a result of shower mist condensing on the cold mirror. |
| Clouds | Another instance of condensation without the presence of upper clouds. |
Additional Activities
1st Activity of Condensation
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Collect two transparent plastic cups.
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Fill halfway with hot (steaming) water the first plastic cup.
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Set the second cup on top of the first, aligning the rims of both cups.
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Top the second cup with an ice cube.
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Make an educated guess as to where condensation will occur (sample answers: inside of the first cup, outside of the second cup, etc.)
Condensation is expected to occur inside the second cup. Steam is water in its gaseous state. As the steam rises in the first cup, it reaches the colder air in the second cup. When steam comes into contact with colder air, it cools below the boiling point of water, causing a phase transition that results in drops of liquid water.
2nd Activity of Condensation
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Place a transparent plastic cup approximately halfway full of water in the freezer.
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Remove the plastic cup from the freezer and set it on a table or counter after ten minutes.
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Make an educated guess as to where condensation will occur (sample answers: inside of the cup, outside of the cup, etc.)
Condensation is expected to occur outside the cup. Moisture abounds in the air around us. Moisture is water in its vaporized (gaseous) state. As the air circulates, part of the water vapor is exposed to the cooler air surrounding the cup. Upon reaching colder air, the water vapor cools below the boiling point of water and a phase transition occurs that generates drops of liquid water.
Summary
Condensation may occur within the cup as well, as the inside of the cup is cooler than the surrounding air, but it should be more evident outside the cup, as a bigger amount of the exterior surface is immediately exposed to the surrounding air.
Organic Chemistry: Condensation
Condensation is a general word that refers to a range of chemical events that result in the extension of the molecule’s carbon backbone. It may, however, be described as a reaction between two or more molecules of the same or different material that results in the synthesis of new carbon to carbon bonds with or without the removal of simple molecules such as water, alcohol, or metallic halides.
However, in organic chemistry, the word condensation reaction is frequently used to refer to the creation of bonds other than carbon to carbon. Condensation reactions are classified into two categories.
Condensation Within the Molecule:
Intramolecular condensation occurs when two functional groups of the same molecule react to remove a simpler molecule.
Condensation of Intermolecular Liquids:
Intermolecular condensation is the condensation process between two molecules of the same or distinct chemical.
Condensation in the air
Even when there are no clouds in a perfectly clear blue sky, water is still there in the form of water vapor and microscopic droplets. Depending on the weather, water molecules interact with microscopic dust, salt, and smoke particles in the air to generate cloud droplets, which merge and expand into clouds, a visible form of water.
Cloud droplets range in size from ten microns (millionths of a meter) to one millimeter (mm), and even up to five millimeters (mm). This process occurs at a higher altitude in the sky, when the air is colder and condensation occurs in more abundance than evaporation. Clouds form when water droplets mix (a process known as coalescence) and expand in size.
They affect the Earth’s climate by reflecting incoming solar radiation (heat) back to space and outgoing terrestrial radiation from the Earth’s surface. Clouds frequently function as a “blanket” at night, trapping a part of the day’s heat near the surface. Changing cloud patterns alter the Earth’s energy balance and, consequently, the Earth’s surface temperatures.
As previously stated, clouds form in the atmosphere as a result of rising and cooling air containing water vapor. The essential to this process is that solar radiation warms the air near the Earth’s surface. However, are you aware of why the atmosphere cools as it rises above the Earth’s surface? Generally, it is due to air pressure.
At sea level, the weight of a column of air pressing down on your head is around 14 12 pounds (6.6 kilograms) per square inch due to gravity on Earth. The resulting pressure (weight), dubbed barometric pressure, is a function of the density of the air above. At greater elevations, there is less air above, resulting in less downward pressure.
The barometric pressure is lower, and a lower barometric pressure equates to a less number of molecules per unit volume. As a result, the air is less thick at higher elevations.
Precipitation is simply water descending from the base of a cloud in its liquid or solid state. This appears to occur much too frequently at picnics and when huge groups of people congregate at swimming facilities. Condensation clouds are a complicated and vital component of the Earth’s ecosystem. Clouds control how radiant energy enters and exits the Earth’s climatic system.
Summary
A system’s total heat content is proportional to the amount of matter present, it is colder at a higher height… fewer air molecules exist in a given volume of air at a higher elevation. This translates into colder air.
The Water Cycle’s Condensation
Condensation is a necessary component of the water cycle, which demonstrates how water circulates continually throughout the Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states. Condensation is the process through which water vapor in the air converts to water. As altitude climbs, both the temperature and pressure of the water fall, converting water vapor to liquid.
Cumulous clouds and fog are formed when a very large concentration of these water droplets congregates. Following that, the water droplets condense and fall as precipitation on the Earth’s surface, which is often referred to as rain. It makes its way into the Earth’s streams and into the soil, where it is absorbed by plants. Water will then freeze into its solid state, ice, and then revert to water, which all life forms require.
Evapotranspiration is a term that refers to the process of evaporation from the Earth’s seas, lakes, and rivers in conjunction with transpiration. Evapotranspiration is critical to the Earth’s surface because it sustains life and aids in the survival of all living things.
Condensation takes many forms, including snow, rain, and icicles. The following phase in this cycle is evapotranspiration, which happens when water transitions from a liquid to a gaseous state.
CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION PRINCIPLES
Condensation polymerization is a type of step-growth polymerization in which monomers and/or oligomers combine to generate bigger structural units while simultaneously releasing smaller molecules such as water or methanol as a byproduct. The esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols is a well-known condensation process.
If both moieties are difunctional, the condensation product is a linear polymer, and if at least one of the moieties is tri- or tetra-functional, the resultant polymer is a crosslinked polymer (i.e. a three-dimensional network) (i.e. a three-dimensional network). By adding monomers with a single reactive group, a developing chain is terminated, lowering the (average) molecular weight.
The reaction between a dibasic acid and a glycol is a classic example of a step-growth condensation, as illustrated below:
HOOC–(CH2)n–COOH + HO–(CH2)m–OH HOOC–(CH2)n–COOH + HO–(CH2)m–OH HOOC–(CH2)n–COO–(CH2)m–OH + H2O
Polyester is the name given to the resultant polymer. Water is continually removed from the reaction system due to its ability to reverse the process via ester bonds.
Additionally, ester interchange1, etherification, and amidization are significant condensation processes. Linear polyamides, for example, can be synthesized by reacting diamides with dicarboxylic acids:
H2N–(CH2)6–NH2 + HOOC–(CH2)4–COOH [–HNOC–(CH2)4–CONH–(CH2)6–]
In this case, the product is poly(hexamethylene adipamide), often known as Nylon 6-6, a thermoplastic polyamide that is rather popular.
Both Nylon and PETE do not require a catalyst since the process is catalyzed by the acid monomers. Strong acids, such as sulfuric acid, however, accelerate the process further. Diacyl chlorides may also be used in place of diacids. They have the benefit of seldom requiring reversal, as the by-product HCl is incompatible with ester bonds.
Summary
Thus, the average molecular weight and crosslink density of the mixture will be determined by the functionality of each monomer used in the condensation polymerization and its concentration in the mixture.
Examples of Condensation That Happen in Everyday Life
Condensation is the technical word for the process through which a gas (vapor) transforms into a liquid. Condensation occurs often. You’re likely to have witnessed this natural phenomena several times while going about your daily routines.
Dew on the Grass in the Morning
Have you ever puzzled why there are visible water droplets on grass in the early morning hours despite the fact that it did not rain throughout the night? Condensation is the answer. The air near the ground cools to or below the dew point during the nocturnal hours.
The Sky’s Clouds
All you have to do is gaze up at the sky to observe another example of condensation. Clouds occur as a result of the cooling of water vapor in the atmosphere. When water vapor’s temperature dips below the dew point, it condenses into small water droplets. Clouds form when these droplets adhere to microscopic dust particles in the atmosphere.
Raindrops Falling
Rain happens when an excessive amount of water condenses around air dust particles, preventing the water from remaining in the sky as clouds. Rather than that, the condensed droplets get larger and heavier until they ultimately fall to the earth as rain.
The Air Is Fogged
Fog forms in the same way that clouds do, except that it is closer to the ground than to the sky. Fog occurs when water vapor condenses to liquid in the form of droplets that remain floating in the air. It happens exclusively in excessively humid environments. Fog has a range of thicknesses, from mild to deep.
In Cold Conditions, Visible Breath
When the conditions are exactly right, you may see your own breath as condensation. When the warm and moist vapor in your breath collides with cold and humid air, it condenses into small water droplets. You can see how these droplets take on a cloud-like appearance.
Mirror Fogging
You do not have to be outside in the cold and damp to observe your breath condensed. Rather than that, simply place a little mirror in front of your mouth and exhale through it. Your breath’s water vapor condenses, giving the mirror a foggy look.
Bathroom Mirror with Steam
When you walk out of a hot shower and glance into the bathroom mirror, you are unlikely to notice your image instantly. Rather than that, you’ll need to use a towel to wipe away the condensation that has accumulated on the mirror’s surface. This occurs as a result of the heated water vapor colliding with the cooled surface of the mirror.
Car Window Moisture Beads
Have you ever observed that when it’s chilly outside, water forms within the glass of a heated vehicle? This is an illustration of condensation. When the heated air vapor from inside the automobile or truck comes into touch with the cold windows caused by the outside air temperature, droplets of water develop on the interior side of the glass.
Cloudy Eyeglasses
Have you ever walked out of an air-conditioned facility or vehicle into the warm outdoors and quickly noticed your glasses or sunglasses becoming hazy or cloudy? This annoyance, which restricts vision until your glasses are cleaned, is a fairly typical condensation example.
Summary
As a result, the air gets saturated with water vapor, which condenses to produce dew on the grass. Condensation is also associated with other types of precipitation, such as snow and sleet. Snow and sleet are both frozen water droplets.
Frequently Asked Questions - FAQs
People ask many questions about condensation . We discussed a few of them below:
What explains the condensation reaction?
A reaction in which two molecules combine with the elimination of water or another simple molecule, typically in the presence of a catalyst. The term “self-condensation” refers to the fusion of two identical molecules.
Is condensation a liquid or gas?
Condensation is the process through which water changes from a gas to a liquid. Condensation is the process by which water changes from a gaseous state (water vapor) to a liquid state (water).
What occurs during the condensation chemistry process?
Condensation is the process by which the molecules of a gas slow down when they combine to form a liquid. When the energy of the gas molecules is transferred to something cooler, they slow down and become attracted to one another, producing a liquid. Condensation occurs more rapidly when water vapour is made colder.
What is vaporized water?
Water vapor is water that is in the gaseous form rather than the liquid or solid state (ice). Heat is absorbed when liquid water evaporates to generate water vapor. This contributes to the cooling of the Earth’s surface. When water vapor condenses to produce cloud water, this “latent heat of condensation” is reintroduced.
How are hydrolysis and condensation processes different?
Condensation and hydrolysis are examples of chemical processes. In hydrolysis, water is always a reactant. Condensation can result in the production of water as a byproduct. Condensation and hydrolysis differ in that condensation results in a smaller molecule, whereas hydrolysis does not.
What is condensation in the context of children?
Condensation is the transition of a material from a gaseous to a liquid form. A gas loses heat, or thermal energy, as it cools. When heated air comes into touch with a cold surface, water vapor condenses and forms droplets of water on the colder surface.
In a condensation reaction, what type of connection is formed?
When the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of another molecule, a peptide bond is formed, releasing a molecule of water in the process. This is a condensation reaction (alternatively referred to as a dehydration synthesis reaction) that occurs between amino acids.
How are condensation reaction and dehydration synthesis different?
Dehydration synthesis is the process of joining two molecules or compounds together following the removal of water. Condensation of two molecules results in the loss of water, resulting in the formation of a large molecule. This is precisely the mechanism that occurs during the dehydration synthesis.
How is the condensation process defined?
Condensation is the process by which water vapor returns to liquid water, the most obvious example being the large, fluffy clouds hovering above your head. And when the water droplets in clouds mix, they become enough heavy to produce raindrops that fall on your head.
Is water a gas or a vapor?
Water vapor, often known as water vapor or aqueous vapor, is water’s gaseous phase. Water vapor is formed when water evaporates or boils, or when ice sublimates. Water vapor, like the majority of the elements of the atmosphere, is transparent.
Conclusion:
Condensation is the process through which matter transitions from the gaseous to the liquid phase. This is the polar opposite of vaporization. When two molecules combine with the removal of water or another simple molecule, this process is known as a catalytic reaction.
Self-condensation is the process by which two identical molecules combine. Ketones, aldehydes, alkynes (acetylenes), esters, and amines are among various chemical compounds that mix with one another and, with the exception of amines, with one another to generate bigger molecules, many of which are valuable intermediates in organic synthesis.
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